卫生保健免疫常见问题
什么是抗体滴度?
抗体滴度是测量血液样本中抗体水平的实验室测试. 免疫球蛋白滴度是一种血液测试,通过测量你对某些疾病的抗体水平来确定你是否对这些疾病有免疫力. If you have had the disease in the past or have been vaccinated for it, you are likely to show evidence of immunity through a positive titer, 或抗体, 水平. 一个积极的 免疫球蛋白 titer result may be used in lieu of most immunization records. 的 免疫球蛋白 titer is required for both MMR and Varicella.
的 following antibody titer tests are available:
- MMR (Measles/Rubeola, Mumps, Rubella)
- 乙型肝炎
- 水痘/水痘
- 破伤风
- Diphtheria QuantiFERON-TB Gold Blood Test (alternative to skin test/X-Ray)
- 小儿麻痹症
- 百日咳
What preservatives are used in vaccines?
硫柳汞, 一种含汞有机化合物,按重量计汞含量约为50%, has been one of the most widely used preservatives in vaccines. 硫柳汞已被广泛用作许多生物制品和药品的防腐剂, 包括很多疫苗, 以帮助防止潜在的危及生命的有害微生物污染. 然而, 硫柳汞已从所有常规推荐给6岁及以下儿童的疫苗中去除或减少到微量, with the exception of inactivated influenza vaccine, 一种不含防腐剂的灭活流感疫苗(含有微量硫柳汞)供应有限. 一些疫苗,如Td, which is indicated for older children (≥ 7 years of age) and adults, 现在是否也有不含硫柳汞或仅含有微量硫柳汞的配方. 含有微量硫柳汞的疫苗每剂含有1微克或更少的汞. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/SafetyAvailability/VaccineSafety/UCM096228
学生因硫柳汞的存在而拒绝接种所需的疫苗不是公认的借口或例外. 所有学生必须通过阳性滴度证明或免疫记录证明所需的免疫接种(见下面的拒绝或豁免信息)。.
Can I use a declination or waiver for the required immunizations?
的 College does not provide a waiver or declination of any immunization, with the exception of the rabies vaccination. 然而, 我们的一些临床分支机构可能允许在某些情况下使用放弃或拒绝. 这些情况包括但不限于医学推理和宗教推理. 您必须与您的项目经理核实您将参加的设施是否允许您的情况. 医学推理, including a recommendation from your physician, 不自动保证您将获得豁免或拒绝能力. 进一步, 如果你已经从一个机构获得了豁免/拒绝,然后正在轮换到另一个机构, the waiver/declination will not be valid in the new facility.
乙型肝炎常见问题
什么是乙肝?
乙型肝炎 is an infection of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus. This is a blood-borne disease and can be very serious.
它对我有什么影响?
乙型肝炎 causes a flu-like illness with loss of appetite, 恶心想吐, 呕吐, 皮疹, 关节疼痛, 和黄疸. 这种病毒会在一些人的肝脏中存活一辈子,并可能导致严重的肝脏疾病, 包括致命的癌症.
患者是否可以接受一家厂商生产的首剂乙肝疫苗和另一家厂商生产的后续疫苗?
是的. 当使用不同制造商的疫苗来完成疫苗系列时,没有观察到免疫反应的差异.
If there is an interruption between doses of 乙型肝炎 vaccine, does the vaccine series need to be restarted?
No, the series does not need to be restarted.
- If the vaccine series was interrupted after the first dose, the second dose should be administered as soon as possible.
- 第二次和第三次剂量应间隔至少8周.
- 如果仅延迟了第三剂,则应尽快给予.
在没有疫苗接种史记录的情况下,多注射一剂甲型肝炎或乙型肝炎疫苗或重复接种整个疫苗系列有害吗?
No. 如有必要,注射额外剂量的甲型或乙型肝炎疫苗是无害的.
Can 乙型肝炎 vaccine be administered concurrently with other vaccines?
是的. 当乙肝疫苗与其他疫苗同时接种时, 未证实对其他疫苗的抗体反应有干扰. 应使用单独的身体部位和注射器同时注射可注射疫苗.
How long does protection from 乙型肝炎 vaccine last?
Studies indicate that immunologic memory remains intact for at least 20 years among healthy vaccinated individuals who initiated 乙型肝炎 vaccination >6 months of age. 该疫苗可长期预防临床疾病和慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染. 细胞免疫似乎持续存在,即使抗体水平可能变得低或下降到可检测水平以下. Among vaccinated cohorts who initiated 乙型肝炎 vaccination at birth, 正在进行长期随访研究,以确定疫苗诱导免疫的持续时间.
Who should get the 乙型肝炎 vaccine and when?
儿童和青少年:
- 婴儿通常会接种3剂乙肝疫苗,有些婴儿可能会接种4剂, 例如, if a combination vaccine containing hepatitis B is used. (This is a single shot containing several vaccines.) 的 extra dose is not harmful.
- 任何18岁以下的人,如果年轻时没有接种疫苗,也应该接种疫苗.
成人:
- All unvaccinated adults at risk for hepatitis B infection should be vaccinated. 成年人接种乙肝疫苗应该接种3剂——你的医生可以告诉你在某些情况下可能使用的其他剂量计划.
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/hcw.html